Association Between Ethnicity and Severe COVID-19 Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021 Dec;8(6):1563-1572. doi: 10.1007/s40615-020-00921-5. Epub 2020 Nov 12.

Abstract

Objectives: This article evaluates if ethnicity is an independent poor prognostic factor in COVID-19 disease.

Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, WHO COVID-19 databases from inception to 15/06/2020 and medRxiv. No language restriction. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE framework were utilised to assess the risk of bias and certainty of evidence. PROSPERO CRD42020188421.

Results: Seventy-two articles (59 cohort studies with 17,950,989 participants, 13 ecological studies; 54 US-based, 15 UK-based; 41 peer-reviewed) were included for systematic review and 45 for meta-analyses. Risk of bias was low: median NOS 7 of 9 (interquartile range 6-8). Compared to White ethnicity, unadjusted all-cause mortality was similar in Black (RR: 0.96 [95% CI: 0.83-1.08]) and Asian (RR: 0.99 [0.85-1.16]) but reduced in Hispanic ethnicity (RR: 0.69 [0.57-0.84]). Age- and sex-adjusted risks were significantly elevated for Black (HR: 1.38 [1.09-1.75]) and Asian (HR: 1.42 [1.15-1.75]), but not for Hispanic (RR: 1.14 [0.93-1.40]). Further adjusting for comorbidities attenuated these associations to non-significance: Black (HR: 0.95 [0.72-1.25]); Asian (HR: 1.17 [0.84-1.63]); Hispanic (HR: 0.94 [0.63-1.44]). Subgroup analyses showed a trend towards greater disparity in outcomes for UK ethnic minorities, especially hospitalisation risk.

Conclusions: This review could not confirm a certain ethnicity as an independent poor prognostic factor for COVID-19. Racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes may be partially attributed to higher comorbidity rates in certain ethnicity.

Keywords: Acute kidney injury; COVID-19; Ethnicity; Hospitalisation; Intubation; Mortality.

Publication types

  • Meta-Analysis
  • Systematic Review

MeSH terms

  • COVID-19 / ethnology*
  • COVID-19 / therapy
  • Ethnicity / statistics & numerical data*
  • Humans
  • Patient Acuity*
  • Prognosis
  • Risk Factors