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Patient Evidence Summary
Edoxaban did not differ from dalteparin for treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism
Question
In patients with cancer who have acute symptomatic or asymptomatic (incidental) venous thromboembolism (VTE), is treatment with edoxaban similar to low-molecular-weight heparin for recurrent VTE and major bleeding?
The study
Who? The study included 1046 patients who had cancer that was active or had been diagnosed within the previous 2 years. Patients were included if they had lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) in segmental or proximal pulmonary arteries and required anticoagulation for at least 6 months.
What? The study compared edoxaban after 5 days of therapeutic low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) with dalteparin.
Edoxaban | vs | Dalteparin |
|---|---|---|
Any therapeutic dose LMWH for 5 days followed by edoxaban (Lixiana or Savaysa), 60 mg, for 6-12 months. Edoxaban, 30 mg, was used for patients who had reduced renal function, low body weight, or were taking medications that interfere with drug clearance (e.g., P-glycoprotein inhibitors). | Dalteparin, 200 IU/kg, for 30 days followed by 150 IU/kg for 6-12 months. |
What the researchers found
Patients in the edoxaban and dalteparin groups did not differ for the combined outcome of recurrent VTE or major bleeding.
3 more patients out of 100 taking edoxaban had major bleeding compared with dalteparin.
The bottom line
In patients with cancer-associated VTE, edoxaban was similar to dalteparin for combined major bleeding or recurrent VTE. There was a trend toward less recurrent VTE in the edoxaban group, but this group also experienced more major bleeds.
Summary of findings
Edoxaban vs dalteparin in patients who have cancer-associated VTE
Outcomes | Rate of events with edoxaban | Rate of events with dalteparin | Absolute effect of edoxaban at 1 year |
|---|---|---|---|
Recurrent VTE or major bleeding | 12.8% | 13.5% | No effect* |
Recurrent VTE | 7.9% | 11.3% | No effect* |
| Recurrent DVT | 3.6% | 6.7% | No effect* |
| Recurrent PE | 5.2% | 5.3% | No effect* |
| Major bleeding | 6.9% | 4.0% | About 3 more patients out of 100 had major bleeding |
| Clinically relevant non-major bleeding | 14.6% | 11.1% | No effect* |
| Death from any cause | 39.5% | 36.6% | No effect* |
*Although the rates for the 2 groups look different, the differences were not statistically significant—this means that the difference could simply be due to chance rather than due to the different treatments.
This Evidence Summary is based on the following article:
Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, et al. Edoxaban for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2018; 378(7):615-24. PubMed
Why was this study so important?
Largely due to the results of the CLOT trial,1 the use of LMWH has been the standard of care for treating cancer-associated thrombosis for several years. However, not surprisingly, patients do not like having to inject themselves daily or twice daily for 6 months or longer. When newer direct oral anticoagulants came on the market, there was great interest in finding out if they were as good as LMWH at protecting patients from VTE while avoiding the need for injections.
The multinational Hokusai VTE Cancer trial described above enrolled patients with various types of cancer to compare edoxaban (a new direct oral anticoagulant) and dalteparin (LMWH) for recurrent VTE and bleeding . Edoxaban had slightly lower rates of recurrent thrombosis but at the price of slightly more bleeding events. Bleeding occurred more frequently in patients with gastrointestinal cancers, which suggests that patients with these types of malignancies may not be ideal candidates for direct oral anticoagulants.
It is important to note that LMWH dose was capped at 18,000 units (even when the weight-based dose for the patient should have been higher), and there was a protocolized decrease in dose with platelets less than 100 x 109/L (not typical for clinical practice but consistent with the CLOT trial protocol1). Also, we do not know if the results with edoxaban can be extapolated to the other direct oral anticoagulants that are currently available. However, the Hokusai Trial does show that at least some cancer patients may be able to take a pill instead of a needle.
Doctor, I have cancer. Can I take a pill instead of a needle to treat my DVT or PE?
According to the Hokusai trial, taking a new pill (edoxaban) after 5 days of needles is as safe as using injections (dalteparin) on a daily basis for treating DVT or PE due to cancer. While this is good news, pills may not be the best choice for all patients. For example, if you vomit frequently, pills may not absorb properly, which could put you at risk for forming new blood clots. Also, some drugs, including some chemotherapy drugs, interact with the new pill, which means it would be safer to use the needles because they do not interact with other drugs. Lastly, the pills may not be covered by all insurance plans. Your individual case will need to be carefully reviewed before changing your anticoagulant treatment.
1Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:146-53.
Salma Shivji, MD
Salma Shivji is a fifth year resident in hematology at the University of Calgary, having completed her medical school and internal medicine training at the University of Alberta. Her CanVECTOR project is focused on the development of an online educational tool for internal medicine and emergency physicians for the proper prescribing of direct oral anticoagulants. She plans on pursuing a thrombosis fellowship and Masters in Education focused on health professionals concentration in Ottawa in the upcoming year.
Dr. Marc Carrier, M.D., FRCP(C), MSc.
Associate Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology at the University of Ottawa and a Senior Scientist in the Clinical Epidemiology Program of the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. Dr. Carrier is holding a Tier 2 Research Chair in Venous Thromboembolism and Cancer from the University of Ottawa and New Investigator Award from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.
Published: Friday, May 11, 2018
Please note that the information contained herein is not to be interpreted as an alternative to medical advice from a professional healthcare provider. If you have any questions about any medical matter, you should consult your professional healthcare providers, and should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice or discontinue medication based on information provided here.
, McMaster University